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Submarine pipeline
A submarine pipeline (also known as marine, subsea or offshore pipeline) is a pipeline that is laid on the seabed or below it inside a trench.〔Dean, p. 338-340〕〔Gerwick, p. 583-585〕 In some cases, the pipeline is mostly on-land but in places it crosses water expanses, such as small seas, straights and rivers.〔Palmer & King, p. 2-3〕 Submarine pipelines are used primarily to carry oil or gas, but transportation of water is also important.〔 A distinction is sometimes made between a ''flowline'' and a pipeline.〔〔〔Bai & Bai, p. 22〕 The former is an ''intrafield'' pipeline, in the sense that it is used to connect subsea wellheads, manifolds and the platform ''within'' a particular development field. The latter, sometimes referred to as an ''export pipeline'', is used to bring the resource to shore.〔 Sizeable pipeline construction projects need to take into account a large number of factors, such as the offshore ecology, geohazards and environmental loading – they are often undertaken by multidisciplinary, international teams.〔
==Route selection==
One of the earliest and most critical tasks in a submarine pipeline planning exercise is the route selection.〔Palmer & King, p. 11-13〕 This selection has to consider a variety of issues, some of a political nature, but most others dealing with geohazards, physical factors along the prospective route, and other uses of the seabed in the area considered.〔〔Dean, p. 342-343〕 This task begins with a fact-finding exercise, which is a standard desk study that includes a survey of geological maps, bathymetry, fishing charts, aerial and satellite photography, as well as information from navigation authorities.〔〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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